As a landlord or property manager, ensuring fire safety is not just a responsibility but a legal obligation. Here at All Landlord Certificates (ALC), I understand the importance of adhering to the UK’s fire safety regulations, specifically the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in serious consequences, including heavy fines and legal action.
Selecting the right fire risk assessment company in London is critical, but with so many options available, it can be challenging to decide which one is best for your needs. That’s why I’ve put together this guide to the top 10 fire risk assessment companies in London, based on customer satisfaction, service quality, and expertise. These companies are known for their reliability and commitment to keeping properties compliant and safe.
Top 10 Fire Risk Assessment Company Ratings
In the bustling city of London, ensuring fire safety compliance is crucial for businesses of all sizes. The following list features the top ten fire risk assessment companies, each recognized for their expertise, client satisfaction, and comprehensive service offerings. These ratings are based on client reviews, industry certifications, and the range of services provided, helping you choose the right partner for your fire safety needs.
SL No. | Company | Rating/Reviews |
1 | All Landlord Certificates | 10 (211 reviews) |
2 | Airtight Security Systems Ltd | 10 (201 reviews) |
3 | T2 Fire Risk Assessors UK Ltd | 10 (49 reviews) |
4 | FP Fire Ltd | 9.49 (34 reviews) |
5 | Consulix Ltd | 10 (14 reviews) |
6 | Fire Safe (UK) Ltd | 9.81 (25 reviews) |
7 | Admiral Security Systems Ltd | 8.45 (26 reviews) |
8 | Lethal Ltd | 10 (26 reviews) |
9 | DTS London Ltd | 9.88 (16 reviews) |
10 | Shield Safe | 8.86 (11 reviews) |
Best 10 Fire Risk Assessment Companies in London
London is home to several fire risk assessment companies that specialize in providing expert guidance and services to ensure businesses and properties comply with fire safety regulations. Below are ten of the top companies in the city, known for their reliability, professionalism, and comprehensive approach to fire safety:
1. All Landlord Certificates
At All Landlord Certificates (ALC), we pride ourselves on being one of the most trusted companies for Fire Risk Assessments in London. As a landlord, ensuring your property is compliant with fire safety regulations is crucial. Our team of certified professionals works diligently to conduct thorough Fire Risk Assessments (FRA) that identify potential hazards and provide actionable recommendations to keep your tenants safe. What sets us apart is our dedication to ensuring every FRA is detailed and meets the regulatory requirements set by London authorities.
Overview of Services
At ALC, we offer a comprehensive range of safety certificates and services designed to meet the needs of landlords across London. Our primary focus is on safety and compliance, providing the following services:
- Fire Risk Assessments (FRA): We evaluate your property for fire hazards and risks, ensuring you meet all legal obligations. By using data-driven insights and the latest compliance standards, we provide clear, actionable advice to mitigate risks and protect your property. Learn more about fire risk assessment services and how they can help your property stay safe.
- Domestic and Commercial Electrical Safety Certificates (EICR): Our Electrical Installation Condition Reports ensure that all electrical systems are safe and functional whether you own a residential or commercial property.
- Gas Safety Certificates (CP12): Our qualified engineers conduct detailed gas inspections to ensure all installations are compliant and safe for use.
- Emergency Lighting and Fire Alarm Certification: Our team ensures your emergency lighting and fire detection systems are properly installed and operational, giving you peace of mind in case of emergencies.
Notable Achievements and Expertise
We have successfully assisted over 200 landlords across London in securing the necessary certifications to keep their properties compliant and safe. Some of our standout achievements include:
- Quick Turnaround Times: We understand that safety certifications can be time-sensitive, and that’s why we offer fast yet thorough services without compromising on quality.
- Industry Recognition: Our work is backed by several accreditations, including those from the National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting (NICEIC) and the Gas Safe Register, making us one of the most reliable names in the safety certification industry.
Client Success Stories
Our clients consistently report high levels of satisfaction with our services. Here’s what some of them have to say:
- “All Landlord Certificates made the entire process seamless. From the initial booking to the final certification, I felt completely at ease knowing my property was in expert hands.” – Franklen, EICR, and Gas Safety Client.
- “Efficient, professional, and transparent! I was impressed with their attention to detail and would recommend ALC to any landlord looking to get their Fire Risk Assessment done.” – Tamara T.
Why Choose Us
At All Landlord Certificates, we combine professionalism with a customer-centric approach, making sure every landlord we work with receives personalized service.
- Combination of professionalism, customer-centric service, and expertise.
- Use of experience to ensure clear, understandable assessments and reports.
- Dedication to client safety and competitive pricing.
Contact Details
If you’re a landlord in need of a Fire Risk Assessment or any other safety certification, reach out to us today.
- Phone: +44 785 637 7502 | +44 208 004 9655
- Email: info@alllandlordcertificates.co.uk
- Website: alllandlordcertificates.co.uk
2. AirTight Security Systems Limited
AirTight Security Systems Limited is one of the most trusted names in fire risk assessment and security solutions in London. As an established company, they specialize in designing, installing, and maintaining advanced fire alarm systems, providing both businesses and homeowners with complete peace of mind. Their team is BAFE-approved and NSI-certified, ensuring that every solution they provide meets the highest industry standards.
Overview of Services
Understanding the critical importance of fire safety, AirTight tailors its services to ensure maximum protection for properties. Their offerings include:
- Fire Alarm Systems: They design, install, and maintain fire alarms according to the current British Standards (BS5839-1:2013). Whether for a business seeking compliance or a homeowner prioritizing safety, AirTight has clients covered.
- Fire Risk Assessments: Their comprehensive fire risk assessments identify potential fire hazards and provide recommendations to improve safety. With years of experience, they help ensure compliance with fire safety regulations.
- Fire Extinguishers: In addition to fire alarms, they supply a range of fire extinguishers to manage different types of small fires, further enhancing property safety.
- CCTV and Security Systems: As a complete security provider, they also offer CCTV and other security systems to help safeguard properties beyond fire protection.
Notable Achievements and Expertise
Over the years, AirTight Security Systems Limited has built a reputation for excellence, working with a wide variety of clients, from small businesses to large corporations. Their adherence to the NACOSS Silver Standard demonstrates their commitment to quality and customer satisfaction. A few of their key achievements include:
- Humphrey & Co’s Security: They successfully installed and maintained a comprehensive fire and security system for Humphrey & Co, one of their valued clients, ensuring complete compliance with fire safety standards.
- Residential Excellence: They have helped homeowners across London feel secure by installing top-tier fire and security systems at competitive prices.
Client Satisfaction and Reviews
AirTight takes great pride in the relationships they’ve built with their clients. Their focus on providing tailored fire safety solutions has earned them glowing reviews, with clients highlighting their professionalism, attention to detail, and commitment to safety. Some testimonials include:
- “AirTight Security Systems gave us the assurance we needed. Their professionalism and knowledge were exactly what we were looking for.” – Humphrey & Co.
- “They are reliable, efficient, and always available to answer our questions. The level of service is second to none.” – Residential Client.
Reason to Choose Them
Choosing AirTight Security Systems Limited means investing in quality, safety, and reliability. Their expertise in fire risk assessments and security solutions ensures that properties are always protected, whether residential buildings or commercial spaces. They don’t just install systems—they provide peace of mind.
- Expertise in fire risk assessments and security solutions.
- Dedication to client safety and competitive pricing.
Contact Details
For those in need of a fire risk assessment or wishing to upgrade security, AirTight Security Systems Limited can be contacted today:
Phone: 01323 520 212
Website: www.airtightsecuritysystems.co.uk
3. T2 Fire Risk Assessors UK Ltd
T2 Fire Risk Assessors UK Ltd is a prominent fire safety consultancy, recognized for its comprehensive fire risk assessments across London and surrounding areas. With a focus on safeguarding properties and ensuring compliance with fire safety regulations, they offer tailored solutions to meet the specific needs of both residential and commercial clients.
Overview of Services
T2 provides a range of services, including:
- Fire Risk Assessments: Thorough evaluations of properties to identify potential fire hazards and ensure safety compliance.
- Consultancy Services: Expert advice on fire safety design and legal compliance for new and existing buildings.
- Asbestos Surveys: Accredited asbestos testing and reporting, ensuring a safe environment for property owners.
- Online Fire Training: Accessible fire safety training that allows users to revisit the content as needed.
Notable Achievements and Expertise
T2 Fire Risk Assessors has built a strong reputation, serving clients across London, Kent, and the South East. In 2019, the London Fire Brigade handled 17,993 fires, highlighting the critical need for fire safety assessments—services that T2 specializes in.
- Provided fire risk assessments across London, Kent, and the South East.
- Delivered reports within 24 hours for timely safety interventions.
Client Satisfaction and Reviews
Clients consistently praise T2’s professionalism and attention to detail:
- “T2 provided us with peace of mind through their comprehensive assessments. Highly recommended!” – Sarah, Property Manager.
Reason to Choose Them
T2 Fire Risk Assessors UK Ltd stands out for its expertise in managing fire risks for a wide range of property types, from HMOs to large commercial buildings. Their flexibility in conducting assessments and delivering reports swiftly—often within 24 hours—makes them a trusted choice for businesses across the region.
- Expertise in handling fire risks for various property types, with fast report turnaround times.
Contact Details
Phone: 0208 935 5442
Email: enquiries@t2fire.co.uk
Website: www.t2fireriskassessors.co.uk
Business Hours: Mon – Fri, 9 am to 5 pm
4. FP Fire Ltd
FP Fire Ltd is a leading provider of fire safety and security solutions, with over 20 years of experience in the industry. Based in London, they specialize in delivering fire risk assessments and a range of security services tailored to both residential and commercial properties. To date, they have successfully safeguarded more than 1,000 premises, ensuring businesses remain compliant with fire safety laws and protected from potential hazards.
Overview of Services
FP Fire Ltd offers a comprehensive suite of services, including:
- Fire Risk Assessments: In-depth evaluations aimed at identifying and mitigating fire hazards in your premises.
- Fire Safety Training: Essential training programs to equip clients with the skills needed to manage fire emergencies.
- Fire Equipment Installation & Maintenance: Installation and regular servicing of fire alarms, emergency lighting, and other fire safety equipment.
- Security Solutions: Offering services such as access control, CCTV installation, intercoms, and intruder alarms.
Notable Achievements and Expertise
FP Fire Ltd has built a reputation for delivering high-quality fire safety and security solutions across London.
- Over 20 years of experience safeguarding over 1,000 premises.
- Ongoing support and adherence to the latest fire safety regulations.
Client Satisfaction and Reviews
The company’s commitment to excellence is reflected in their client feedback. With a focus on professionalism and reliability, FP Fire Ltd consistently earns high praise:
- “FP Fire provided excellent service, guiding us through every step of the process. Their expertise and thoroughness gave us complete peace of mind.” – Mark, Business Owner
Reason to Choose Them
FP Fire Ltd stands out as a trusted partner for businesses looking to ensure both fire safety and security.
- Two decades of experience in fire safety and security solutions, ensuring the protection of assets and people.
Contact Details
Phone: 020 3633 7572
Email: info@fpfire.co.uk
Website: www.fpfire.co.uk
5. Consulix Ltd
Consulix Ltd is a leading consultancy firm, known for its strategic and operational advisory services. They help businesses turn risks into opportunities through data-driven solutions and business intelligence, making them a trusted partner for organizations looking to unlock their full potential.
Overview of Services
Consulix Ltd offers a range of services including:
- Management Consulting: Tailored strategies to enhance business performance and growth.
- Proactive Advisory: Forward-thinking advice to tackle complex challenges.
- Business Solutions: Custom solutions to streamline operations and improve organizational agility.
- Compliance Solutions: Ensuring businesses meet all regulatory and compliance standards.
Notable Achievements and Expertise
Consulix Ltd is recognized for its ability to solve complex problems and deliver sustainable results.
- It is ranked #1 in fire risk assessment listings in the UK.
- It has earned a 5.0 rating on My Local Services for consistent client satisfaction.
Client Satisfaction and Reviews
Clients praise Consulix for their innovative problem-solving and personalized approach:
“Consulix helped us navigate through a challenging business environment with ease, transforming our risks into opportunities.” – Michael, Business Owner
Reason to Choose Them
Consulix Ltd provides expert consultancy services backed by data analysis and market trends. With their support, businesses can expect to unlock new growth potential while staying compliant with industry standards.
- Expert consultancy backed by data analysis and market trends to unlock business growth potential.
Contact Details:
- Phone: +44 7459 050905
- Website: www.consulix.co.uk
- Email: info@consulix.co.uk
- Location: 153A Langham Road, London, N15 3LP, United Kingdom
6. Fire Safe (UK) Ltd
Fire Safe (UK) Ltd is a leading independent Fire & Safety Consultancy, specializing in comprehensive fire risk assessments, employee training, strategic planning, and policy drafting throughout London. Their experienced team ensures that both residential and commercial properties meet fire safety regulations, offering expert solutions that cater to legal and ethical requirements.
Overview of Services
Fire Safe offers an extensive range of services, including:
- Fire Risk Assessments: Detailed evaluations tailored to identify fire hazards and risks.
- Safety Equipment Supply: Providing essential fire safety equipment along with regular maintenance.
- Fire Door Inspections: Conduct inspections as per the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005.
- Training Courses: Staff training to designate fire wardens within commercial settings.
Notable Achievements and Expertise
- Over a decade of experience as a trusted partner for councils like Lewis and Eastbourne.
- Served as Technical Lead Fire Risk Assessor across various estates.
- Compliance with UK fire safety regulations, including the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022.
Client Satisfaction and Reviews
Fire Safe has consistently received glowing reviews from clients, with many praising their thoroughness and reliability:
“Fire Safe exceeded our expectations with their detailed assessments and efficient service.” – Helen, Homeowner
Reason to Choose Them
Fire Safe (UK) Ltd stands out for their personalized, professional approach and ability to deliver solutions promptly.
- Personalized, professional approach with a 24-hour report dispatch for urgent assessments.
- Competitive pricing without compromising on service quality.
Contact Details
- Phone: 01323 325 272
- Mobile: 07534 909 036
- E-mail: brianpeck@firesafeukltd.com
- Website: www.firesafeukltd.com
7. Admiral Security Systems Ltd
Admiral Security Systems Ltd specializes in comprehensive security solutions, focusing on both residential and commercial properties. Their range of services includes the design, installation, and maintenance of security systems tailored to clients’ specific needs.
Overview of Services
Admiral offers:
- Fire Risk Assessments: Detailed evaluations to identify fire risks and recommend improvements.
- Integrated Security Systems: Comprehensive systems that protect homes and businesses, from CCTV and intruder alarms to access control solutions.
- School Security Lockdown Systems: Specialized systems for educational institutions to ensure safety during emergencies.
- Installations & Maintenance: Ongoing support, including system maintenance and fault repairs.
Notable Achievements and Expertise
- Over 30 years of experience with NSI Gold Standard and ISO 9001 approval.
- Operating across Surrey, Sussex, and surrounding areas, known for cost-effective security solutions.
Client Satisfaction and Reviews
Admiral Security Systems consistently receives positive feedback for their professionalism and attention to detail. Clients appreciate the tailored approach and expertise in the security industry:
- “Admiral’s installation of five-door entry systems was meticulous and flexible. The standard of workmanship was excellent.” – Tim Bunn, Limpsfield Grange School.
- “I have been delighted by the excellent service we have received over the years and would certainly recommend them to anyone looking to secure their home.” – Sheenah Lintott.
Reason to Choose Them
- Skilled team, competitive rates, and a 12-month guarantee on all installations.
- A holistic security approach provides peace of mind.
Contact Details
- Phone: 01737 855 900 (Surrey) | 01444 440 184 (Sussex)
- Email: info@admiralsecurity.co.uk
- Website: www.admiralsecuritysystems.co.uk
- Address: Office F3, Robert Denholm House, Bletchingley Road, South Nutfield, RH1 4HW
8. Lethal Ltd
Lethal Ltd has built a reputation as a trusted provider of fire and security solutions, specializing in fire risk assessments, alarms, and surveillance systems. Serving the London and Essex areas, they offer comprehensive services to ensure compliance with safety regulations and protect properties from fire hazards.
Overview of Services Lethal Ltd offers a wide range of services, including:
- Fire Risk Assessments: Thorough evaluations that help identify, remove, or reduce fire hazards for both residential and commercial properties.
- CCTV Installation and Support: Complete system setup and ongoing support to monitor and secure premises.
- Intruder and Fire Alarms: Installation and maintenance of alarms to ensure quick responses in case of emergencies.
- Emergency Lights and Fire Extinguishers: Proper installation and maintenance of essential safety equipment.
Notable Achievements and Expertise
- Successful fire safety and security implementations for numerous clients in London and Essex.
- High safety standards and professional service by expert technicians.
Client Satisfaction and Reviews
Customers frequently commend Lethal Ltd for their professionalism and dedication to safety. One satisfied client stated:
“Lethal Ltd provided an outstanding service. Their fire risk assessments were incredibly detailed, and they took the time to explain all the necessary precautions.” – Jessica, Property Owner
Reason to Choose Them
By partnering with Lethal Ltd, clients gain peace of mind knowing their properties are safeguarded by a dedicated team of professionals.
- Fast response times, expert solutions, and compliance with fire and safety regulations.
Contact Details
Phone: 07983 832 012
Email: info@lethalltd.com
Location: Ilford, Essex
Website: www.lethalltd.co.uk
9. DTS London Ltd
DTS London Ltd has built a reputation for its reliable security systems and customized CCTV installations. Based in London, they cater to both domestic and commercial clients, providing services across sectors like retail, healthcare, and education.
Overview of Services
DTS offers:
- CCTV Installation: Tailored solutions for homes and businesses, with packages ranging from Bronze to Diamond levels.
- Access Control Systems: Ensure secure entry points for businesses and residential complexes.
- Fire and Burglar Alarms: Advanced alarm systems designed to protect properties.
- Home Automation & Entertainment Solutions: Includes smart home devices and AV setups.
- WiFi Consultancy: Optimizing wireless connectivity for businesses working remotely.
Notable Achievements and Expertise
- Over 20 years of experience with NSI Silver accreditation.
- Trusted by major brands and public sector clients like Tesco Express and NHS hospitals.
Client Satisfaction and Reviews
Client feedback consistently praises their efficiency and professionalism. Some notable reviews include:
- “Recently had Matt and the team install a fresh CCTV and alarm system in our business. Quick and easy install.” – Ash & Steven
- “We are very pleased with how they installed the security system. Efficient staff, neat workmanship.” – Mr. Patel of Boston Road, Croydon
Reason to Choose Them
Choosing DTS London Ltd means opting for a company with a proven track record, cutting-edge security systems, and a commitment to customer satisfaction.
- Proven track record, cutting-edge security systems, and a 100% satisfaction guarantee.
Contact Details
Phone: 0208 090 7485
Website: www.dtslondon.co.uk
10. Shield Safe
Shield Safe is a recognized fire risk assessment company in London, well-regarded for its commitment to improving fire safety standards. With over 18 years of experience, Shield Safe offers comprehensive services, combining expertise with innovative technology to ensure that businesses meet all regulatory fire safety requirements.
Overview of Services
Shield Safe provides a wide range of services, including:
- Fire Risk Assessments: Thorough evaluations designed to identify potential fire hazards and create actionable recommendations, ensuring compliance with safety regulations.
- Training Programs: Both classroom and eLearning fire safety courses equip teams with the knowledge to handle emergencies effectively.
- Emergency Planning: Custom fire emergency plans tailored to each property, ensuring that clients are well-prepared for any eventuality.
Notable Achievements and Expertise
- Shield Safe is trusted by thousands of businesses, large and small, across various industries for fire risk assessments.
- They offer RiskProof, a cloud-based app, which has revolutionized safety processes for thousands of businesses, making risk management seamless and paper-free.
- Shield Safe is also renowned for their work with high-profile clients and has received numerous industry certifications attesting to their adherence to top-tier safety standards.
Client Satisfaction and Reviews
Shield Safe’s clients consistently praise their efficiency and professionalism. A recent review states:
“Shield Safe transformed our approach to fire safety. Their expertise was invaluable!” – James, Event Organizer
Reason to Choose Them
Shield Safe saves businesses both time and money while reducing the complexity of safety management.
- Over 18 years of experience, smart technology, and customized solutions for full fire safety compliance.
Contact Details
Phone: 020 7946 0950
Website: www.shieldsafe.co.uk
Why Fire Risk Assessments Are Important in London
As a landlord in London, ensuring the safety of your tenants is paramount. Fire risk assessments play a pivotal role in safeguarding your property and protecting lives. Here’s why they’re essential:
- Legal Compliance: Conducting fire risk assessments is a legal requirement for landlords in London. Failure to comply can result in hefty fines and legal repercussions. Regular reviews are essential, so it’s crucial to understand how often you should review fire risk assessments.
- Enhanced Safety: Regular assessments help identify potential fire hazards, such as faulty wiring, inadequate fire alarms, or blocked escape routes. By addressing these issues, you can significantly reduce the risk of fires and protect your tenants from harm.
- Reduced Insurance Costs: A well-maintained property with a comprehensive fire risk assessment can often qualify for lower insurance premiums. This can lead to substantial cost savings for landlords.
- Peace of Mind: Knowing that your property is equipped with adequate fire safety measures can provide you with peace of mind. It demonstrates your commitment to the well-being of your tenants.
By investing in regular fire risk assessments, you can create a safer environment for your tenants and protect your property from potential fire damage.
Read more: Can You Do Your Own Fire Risk Assessment In London?
Factors to Choose a Fire Risk Assessment Company in London
When selecting a fire risk assessment company in London, several crucial factors should be considered to ensure you’re partnering with the right professionals:
1. Accreditation and Certifications:
- BAFE (British Automatic Fire Extinguisher Association): Look for companies accredited by BAFE, a recognized certification body for fire protection systems.
- ISO 9001: This standard indicates a commitment to quality management, ensuring consistent and reliable services. Understand the types of fire risk assessments to ensure you’re choosing the right services for your property.
- Other relevant certifications: Check for certifications specific to fire risk assessment or related fields.
2. Experience and Expertise:
- Years of experience: A company with a proven track record in fire risk assessment is more likely to have the expertise to handle various property types and complexities.
- Industry knowledge: Ensure they have a deep understanding of current fire safety regulations and best practices.
3. Comprehensive Services:
- Fire risk assessment: The core service should be comprehensive, identifying potential hazards and providing actionable recommendations.
- Additional services: Consider companies that offer additional services like fire alarm installation, maintenance, or training, which can streamline fire safety compliance. Understand the main components of a fire risk assessment to ensure your service provider covers all key areas.
4. Client Reviews and Testimonials:
- Online reputation: Read reviews and testimonials from previous clients to gauge their satisfaction with the company’s services.
- Case studies: Look for case studies showcasing successful fire risk assessments and the positive impact on property safety.
5. Insurance Coverage:
- Professional liability insurance: Ensure the company has adequate insurance coverage to protect you in case of any errors or omissions.
6. Compliance with Regulations:
- Regulatory knowledge: Verify that the company is up-to-date with the latest fire safety regulations and standards.
- Compliance assurance: Ask about their process for ensuring compliance and addressing any non-compliance issues.
7. Communication and Transparency:
- Clear communication: Effective communication is essential for understanding the assessment process, recommendations, and any necessary actions.
- Transparency: Choose a company that is transparent about their pricing, timelines, and any potential additional costs.
8. Cost-Effective Solutions:
- Competitive pricing: Compare quotes from different companies to find the most cost-effective option without compromising on quality.
- Value for money: Consider the overall value provided by the company, including the quality of their services and the potential cost savings from improved fire safety measures.
9. Emergency Response Plan:
- Contingency planning: Discuss the company’s approach to emergency response planning, including how they can assist in developing or updating your property’s plan.
10. Personalized Approach:
- Tailored solutions: Choose a company that can provide customized fire risk assessments based on your property’s specific needs and characteristics.
By carefully considering these factors, you can select a fire risk assessment company in London that will effectively protect your property and ensure compliance with fire safety regulations.
Final Thoughts
Fire safety is a crucial component of your property’s overall safety and compliance strategy. When selecting a fire risk assessment company, it’s essential to prioritize expertise, reliability, and a commitment to client satisfaction. By choosing one of these highly-rated companies, you’re not only ensuring compliance with legal regulations but also safeguarding the lives of tenants, staff, and visitors.
To get started, reach out to the company that best aligns with your specific needs for a free quote or to schedule a fire risk assessment. Remember, a well-conducted fire risk assessment can provide valuable insights into potential hazards and help you implement effective measures to protect your property.
For further assistance or to explore other fire safety services, feel free to contact All Landlord Certificates (ALC). Our team of experts is dedicated to helping you maintain a safe and compliant property.